Learning how to use prepositions with infinitives can be quite challenging for English learners. This is because prepositions in English often follow different rules than in other languages, and the use of the infinitive form can vary depending on the context. In this article, we will delve into the nuances of using prepositions with infinitives to help you master this aspect of English grammar.
Understanding Infinitives
First, let’s clarify what an infinitive is. An infinitive is the base form of a verb, often preceded by the word “to.” For example, in the sentence “I want to eat,” “to eat” is the infinitive. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence. They are versatile and can be used in various ways to express different meanings.
Common Uses of Infinitives
Infinitives can be used in several contexts:
1. **As the subject of a sentence:** “To learn is important.”
2. **As the object of a verb:** “He wants to play.”
3. **As a complement to an adjective:** “She is eager to help.”
4. **As an adverb to explain why something is done:** “She went to the store to buy groceries.”
The Role of Prepositions
Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other parts of the sentence. Common prepositions include “in,” “on,” “at,” “by,” “for,” “to,” and “with.” Prepositions are often followed by a noun or pronoun, but when they are followed by a verb, that verb must be in its gerund form (verb + -ing). For instance, “I am interested in learning.”
However, there are exceptions to this rule, particularly when dealing with infinitives.
Prepositions Followed by Infinitives
It is important to note that in standard English, prepositions are not typically followed directly by infinitives. Instead, after a preposition, you usually use the gerund form of the verb. For example:
– Incorrect: “He is committed to improve.”
– Correct: “He is committed to improving.”
Despite this general rule, there are specific phrases and contexts where infinitives appear to follow prepositions, often due to the structure of the sentence or the inclusion of certain expressions. Let’s explore some of these instances in more detail.
Verb + Preposition Combinations
Certain verb + preposition combinations are followed by infinitives. These combinations typically involve phrasal verbs or idiomatic expressions. Here are some common examples:
1. **Look forward to + infinitive:** “I look forward to meeting you.”
2. **Be about to + infinitive:** “She is about to leave.”
3. **Be willing to + infinitive:** “He is willing to help.”
4. **Be supposed to + infinitive:** “You are supposed to finish your homework.”
In these examples, the verb and preposition create a phrase that is naturally followed by an infinitive.
Adjective + Preposition Combinations
Similarly, certain adjective + preposition combinations are followed by infinitives. These combinations often describe emotions, attitudes, or conditions. Here are some examples:
1. **Be ready to + infinitive:** “She is ready to start.”
2. **Be happy to + infinitive:** “I am happy to help.”
3. **Be afraid to + infinitive:** “He is afraid to swim.”
4. **Be certain to + infinitive:** “She is certain to succeed.”
These combinations describe a state of being or an emotion that naturally leads to an infinitive verb.
Expressions with “To”
The preposition “to” is particularly interesting because it can function as part of an infinitive (“to eat”) or as a preposition (“to the store”). This dual role can sometimes cause confusion. Here are some expressions where “to” functions as a preposition followed by a gerund:
1. **Look forward to + gerund:** “I look forward to seeing you.”
2. **Be committed to + gerund:** “She is committed to improving her skills.”
3. **Be used to + gerund:** “He is used to working late.”
In these cases, “to” is a preposition, and it must be followed by a gerund, not an infinitive.
Special Cases: “Be to” and “Have to”
Two special cases where “to” is used as part of an infinitive are the constructions “be to” and “have to.” These phrases are used to express necessity, obligation, or expectation.
1. **Be to + infinitive:** This construction is often used in formal or official contexts to indicate scheduled events or obligations. For example, “The meeting is to start at 10 AM.”
2. **Have to + infinitive:** This construction is used to indicate necessity or obligation. For example, “I have to finish my homework.”
In both cases, “to” is part of the infinitive and not a preposition.
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
As an English learner, it is easy to make mistakes when dealing with prepositions and infinitives. Here are some common errors and tips on how to avoid them:
1. **Using an infinitive after a preposition:** Remember that after most prepositions, you should use a gerund, not an infinitive. For example:
– Incorrect: “He is interested in learn.”
– Correct: “He is interested in learning.”
2. **Confusing “to” as a preposition and part of an infinitive:** Pay attention to the context to determine whether “to” is functioning as a preposition or as part of an infinitive. For example:
– As a preposition: “I look forward to meeting you.”
– As part of an infinitive: “I want to meet you.”
3. **Forgetting the verb + preposition combinations:** Some verb + preposition combinations are followed by infinitives. Familiarize yourself with these combinations to avoid mistakes. For example:
– Correct: “I am about to leave.”
4. **Misusing adjective + preposition combinations:** Similar to verb + preposition combinations, some adjective + preposition combinations are followed by infinitives. Learn these combinations to use them correctly. For example:
– Correct: “She is ready to start.”
Practice Exercises
To solidify your understanding of prepositions with infinitives, here are some practice exercises. Try to fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb (infinitive or gerund).
1. He is interested in __________ (learn) Spanish.
2. She is about __________ (leave) for the airport.
3. They are committed to __________ (improve) their skills.
4. I am happy __________ (help) you with your project.
5. She looks forward to __________ (meet) new people.
6. He is willing __________ (take) the risk.
7. We are used to __________ (work) late hours.
8. The meeting is to __________ (start) at 9 AM.
9. I have to __________ (finish) my assignment by tomorrow.
10. She is afraid to __________ (swim) in the deep end.
Answers
1. He is interested in learning Spanish.
2. She is about to leave for the airport.
3. They are committed to improving their skills.
4. I am happy to help you with your project.
5. She looks forward to meeting new people.
6. He is willing to take the risk.
7. We are used to working late hours.
8. The meeting is to start at 9 AM.
9. I have to finish my assignment by tomorrow.
10. She is afraid to swim in the deep end.
Conclusion
Mastering the use of prepositions with infinitives can be tricky, but with practice, you can become more confident in your usage. Remember that in most cases, prepositions are followed by gerunds, not infinitives. However, certain verb + preposition and adjective + preposition combinations are naturally followed by infinitives. Pay attention to these exceptions and practice regularly to improve your skills.
By understanding the rules and patterns associated with prepositions and infinitives, you will be better equipped to use them correctly in your writing and speaking. Keep practicing, and don’t be afraid to make mistakes—each mistake is an opportunity to learn and grow in your language journey.
