Sentence completion is a fundamental skill in language learning, as it requires a deep understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. One of the most powerful tools to master for sentence completion is the use of subordinating conjunctions. These conjunctions help connect clauses in a way that shows the relationship between them, adding complexity and depth to your sentences. In this article, we will explore what subordinating conjunctions are, how they function in sentences, and provide practical examples and exercises to help you master this essential aspect of language learning.
What Are Subordinating Conjunctions?
Subordinating conjunctions are words that join a dependent clause to an independent clause. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It relies on the main clause to give it meaning. On the other hand, an independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Some common subordinating conjunctions include: although, because, since, unless, while, when, if, even though, and after. These conjunctions introduce the dependent clause and indicate the relationship between the dependent and independent clauses.
Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions can be categorized based on the type of relationship they express between the dependent and independent clauses. Here are a few categories:
1. Cause and Effect
Subordinating conjunctions that show cause and effect include: because, since, as, so that. These conjunctions explain the reason for or the result of an action.
Example:
– I stayed home because it was raining.
– Since she was late, she missed the meeting.
2. Time
Subordinating conjunctions that indicate time include: when, while, as, before, after, until. These conjunctions specify the timing of an action.
Example:
– We will start the meeting when everyone arrives.
– She finished her homework before going to bed.
3. Condition
Subordinating conjunctions that express conditions include: if, unless, provided that, as long as. These conjunctions set up conditions under which something happens.
Example:
– You can go out if you finish your chores.
– I will call you unless I forget.
4. Contrast
Subordinating conjunctions that show contrast include: although, even though, though, whereas. These conjunctions highlight a contrast between two ideas.
Example:
– Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
– He is very friendly, whereas his brother is quite shy.
Using Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences
To effectively use subordinating conjunctions, it is important to understand how to structure your sentences. A subordinating conjunction typically introduces a dependent clause, which is then connected to an independent clause. The dependent clause can either precede or follow the independent clause.
Dependent Clause Followed by Independent Clause
When the dependent clause comes first, it is usually followed by a comma.
Example:
– Although it was late, we decided to go out for dinner.
– Because she studied hard, she passed the exam.
In these examples, the dependent clauses “Although it was late” and “Because she studied hard” are introduced by subordinating conjunctions and are followed by independent clauses.
Independent Clause Followed by Dependent Clause
When the independent clause comes first, a comma is not typically required.
Example:
– We decided to go out for dinner although it was late.
– She passed the exam because she studied hard.
In these sentences, the independent clauses “We decided to go out for dinner” and “She passed the exam” are followed by dependent clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions.
Exercises for Mastery
To solidify your understanding of subordinating conjunctions and their usage, try the following exercises. Complete the sentences using the appropriate subordinating conjunctions.
Exercise 1: Cause and Effect
1. She was happy _________ she received a gift.
2. We canceled the picnic _________ it started to rain.
3. _________ he was tired, he continued working.
Exercise 2: Time
1. They waited _________ the bus arrived.
2. She finished her project _________ the deadline.
3. _________ we were eating, the phone rang.
Exercise 3: Condition
1. You can borrow my car _________ you return it by 6 PM.
2. _________ it stops raining, we will go to the park.
3. He will succeed _________ he works hard.
Exercise 4: Contrast
1. _________ it was cold, they went swimming.
2. She is very organized, _________ her desk is always messy.
3. He is very fit, _________ he never exercises.
Advanced Usage of Subordinating Conjunctions
As you become more comfortable with subordinating conjunctions, you can start using them in more complex sentences to enhance your writing and speaking skills. Here are a few tips for advanced usage:
1. Varying Sentence Structure
Avoid starting all your sentences in the same way. Vary your sentence structure by placing the dependent clause at different positions in your sentences.
Example:
– Even though it was raining, we went for a walk.
– We went for a walk even though it was raining.
2. Combining Multiple Subordinating Conjunctions
In some cases, you may need to use more than one subordinating conjunction to express a complex relationship between ideas.
Example:
– Although she was tired because she had worked late, she still managed to attend the meeting.
3. Using Subordinating Conjunctions in Different Tenses
Subordinating conjunctions can be used with various tenses to express different time frames and relationships.
Example:
– When he arrived, she had already left. (Past Perfect)
– If she finishes her work on time, she will join us. (Future)
Common Mistakes to Avoid
When using subordinating conjunctions, learners often make certain common mistakes. Here are a few to watch out for:
1. Misplacing the Comma
Remember that a comma is needed when the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, but not when the independent clause comes first.
Incorrect:
– She passed the exam, because she studied hard.
Correct:
– She passed the exam because she studied hard.
2. Using the Wrong Conjunction
Ensure that you choose the right subordinating conjunction to express the intended relationship between the clauses.
Incorrect:
– She went to bed when she was tired. (This sentence is not incorrect in itself, but if the intention is to show cause, “because” would be more appropriate.)
Correct:
– She went to bed because she was tired.
3. Fragmented Sentences
Avoid leaving dependent clauses without a main clause, as they cannot stand alone and will result in sentence fragments.
Incorrect:
– Although it was raining.
Correct:
– Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Practical Applications
Understanding subordinating conjunctions is not just about grammar exercises; it has practical applications in everyday communication, academic writing, and professional contexts. Here are a few scenarios where mastering subordinating conjunctions can be particularly beneficial:
1. Writing Essays and Reports
In academic writing, subordinating conjunctions are essential for crafting complex and nuanced arguments. They help you show the relationships between different points and provide clarity to your reasoning.
Example:
– Although many believe that technology has negative effects on social interaction, research shows that it can also facilitate meaningful connections.
2. Professional Communication
In professional settings, using subordinating conjunctions can help you convey your ideas more clearly and professionally.
Example:
– Since the project deadline has been moved up, we need to adjust our schedule accordingly.
3. Everyday Conversations
Even in casual conversations, subordinating conjunctions can help you express your thoughts more precisely and make your speech more engaging.
Example:
– While I love traveling, I also enjoy spending time at home.
Conclusion
Mastering sentence completion with subordinating conjunctions is a crucial step in becoming proficient in the English language. These conjunctions not only help you connect ideas but also add depth and complexity to your sentences. By understanding the different types of subordinating conjunctions and practicing their usage, you can enhance your writing and speaking skills.
Remember to pay attention to sentence structure, use the correct conjunctions, and avoid common mistakes. With practice, you will find that subordinating conjunctions become a natural part of your language repertoire, allowing you to express your ideas more effectively and eloquently.
So, take the time to practice and experiment with subordinating conjunctions in your sentences. The more you use them, the more confident you will become in your language abilities. Happy learning!
