When learning English, one of the essential aspects to master is the use of conjunctions. Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together. They help to create complex, nuanced sentences and express various relationships between ideas. In this article, we will focus on conjunctions that are specifically used to express purpose. Understanding these conjunctions is crucial for crafting sentences that clearly convey intent or reason.
What are Conjunctions Expressing Purpose?
Conjunctions expressing purpose are used to indicate why something is done. These conjunctions answer the question “for what purpose?” They help to clarify the aim or goal of an action. Some common conjunctions that express purpose include: so that, in order to, so as to, for, so, and lest. Each of these conjunctions has its own specific usage rules and nuances, which we will explore in detail.
So That
The conjunction “so that” is used to introduce a clause that explains the purpose of an action. It is often followed by a modal verb such as can, could, will, or would.
Example:
– I am studying hard so that I can pass my exams.
– She saved money so that she could buy a new car.
In these sentences, “so that” introduces the reason for studying hard and saving money, respectively.
In Order To
“In order to” is a formal conjunction used to express purpose. It is followed by the base form of a verb (infinitive).
Example:
– He exercised regularly in order to stay healthy.
– They left early in order to avoid traffic.
In these examples, “in order to” explains the reason behind exercising and leaving early. It provides a clear and direct connection between the action and its purpose.
So As To
“So as to” is another formal conjunction similar to “in order to.” It is used to express purpose and is also followed by the base form of a verb.
Example:
– She spoke quietly so as to not wake the baby.
– He took a map so as to find the way easily.
Here, “so as to” introduces the purpose of speaking quietly and taking a map. It highlights the intent behind the actions.
For
The conjunction “for” can be used to express purpose, although it is more commonly seen in prepositional phrases. When used as a conjunction, it is followed by a noun or a gerund (verb + ing).
Example:
– This tool is used for cutting wood.
– She went to the store for buying groceries.
In these sentences, “for” introduces the purpose of using the tool and going to the store. It indicates the reason behind the actions.
So
“So” can also be used to express purpose, particularly in informal speech. It is often followed by an infinitive or a clause.
Example:
– I brought a jacket so I wouldn’t get cold.
– He studied all night so he could finish his project.
“So” in these examples shows the purpose of bringing a jacket and studying all night. It connects the action with its intended outcome.
Lest
“Lest” is a somewhat archaic conjunction that is still used in formal or literary contexts. It means “to avoid the risk of” or “in case.” It is followed by a subjunctive verb.
Example:
– Take an umbrella lest it rain.
– He worked hard lest he fail the exam.
In these sentences, “lest” introduces a clause that explains the precautionary purpose of taking an umbrella and working hard.
Usage Tips and Common Mistakes
Understanding the nuances of these conjunctions is crucial for accurate and effective communication. Here are some tips to help you use them correctly, along with common mistakes to avoid.
Choosing the Right Conjunction
Choosing the appropriate conjunction depends on the formality of your context and the structure of your sentence. “So that” and “so” are more flexible and can be used in both formal and informal contexts. “In order to” and “so as to” are more formal and are often found in academic or professional writing. “For” is versatile but requires careful attention to ensure it doesn’t create ambiguity. “Lest” is rare and should be reserved for formal or literary contexts.
Maintaining Consistency
When using these conjunctions, make sure the rest of your sentence maintains consistency in tense and structure. For example, if you start with “so that” followed by a present tense verb, the rest of your sentence should follow suit.
Incorrect: She is saving money so that she could buy a new car.
Correct: She is saving money so that she can buy a new car.
In the correct sentence, the present tense “is saving” matches with “can buy.”
Avoiding Redundancy
Redundancy can occur if you use multiple conjunctions expressing purpose in the same sentence. Choose one that best fits your intent to keep the sentence clear and concise.
Incorrect: I am studying hard so that in order to pass my exams.
Correct: I am studying hard so that I can pass my exams.
The correct sentence uses only “so that” to express the purpose.
Practical Exercises
To solidify your understanding of conjunctions expressing purpose, it’s helpful to practice with exercises. Here are a few to get you started:
Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks
Choose the correct conjunction to complete each sentence.
1. She set an alarm __________ she wouldn’t oversleep.
2. He took notes __________ remember the lecture.
3. We arrived early __________ get good seats.
4. She is learning Spanish __________ travel to Spain.
5. He wore a hat __________ avoid sunburn.
Answers:
1. so that
2. in order to
3. to
4. so as to
5. to
Exercise 2: Correct the Mistakes
Identify and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
1. She exercises every day so as to she can stay fit.
2. He is studying hard lest he will fail the exam.
3. I brought an umbrella so that not to get wet.
4. They left early in order to can catch the train.
5. He speaks softly for to not disturb others.
Answers:
1. She exercises every day so as to stay fit.
2. He is studying hard lest he fail the exam.
3. I brought an umbrella so that I wouldn’t get wet.
4. They left early in order to catch the train.
5. He speaks softly so as not to disturb others.
Advanced Usage
For those looking to master English at a higher level, understanding and using conjunctions expressing purpose can be taken a step further by incorporating them into more complex sentence structures. This involves using them in conjunction with other grammatical elements like passive voice, conditional sentences, and various tenses.
Using Passive Voice
The passive voice can add variety to your writing and highlight the action rather than the subject performing the action.
Example:
– The instructions were written so that they could be easily understood.
– The project was designed in order to meet the client’s needs.
In these examples, the passive voice is used to focus on the instructions and project, with the purpose introduced by “so that” and “in order to.”
Conditional Sentences
Conjunctions expressing purpose can also be integrated into conditional sentences to indicate the purpose under certain conditions.
Example:
– If you study hard, you will succeed so that you can achieve your goals.
– Should you need assistance, please call us in order to get immediate help.
Here, the conjunctions “so that” and “in order to” indicate the purpose within the conditional framework.
Various Tenses
Using different tenses can provide a richer context for the purpose being expressed.
Example:
– She had saved money so that she could travel.
– They will prepare thoroughly in order to ensure success.
In these sentences, the past perfect tense “had saved” and the future tense “will prepare” are used to indicate the purpose with “so that” and “in order to.”
Conclusion
Mastering conjunctions that express purpose is an invaluable skill for any language learner. These conjunctions help to create clear, purposeful sentences that accurately convey the intent behind actions. By understanding the specific usage rules and nuances of conjunctions like “so that,” “in order to,” “so as to,” “for,” “so,” and “lest,” you can enhance your communication skills and write more effectively.
Remember to choose the right conjunction based on the context, maintain consistency in your sentences, and avoid redundancy. Practice with exercises to reinforce your understanding, and challenge yourself with advanced usage to fully integrate these conjunctions into your language repertoire.
Happy learning, and may your journey to mastering English be both purposeful and rewarding!
