Learning how to form comparatives is a fundamental part of mastering the English language. Comparatives are used to compare two things, highlighting the differences between them. This article will delve into the various rules and exceptions that govern the formation of comparatives, providing examples and tips to help you grasp the concept thoroughly.
Basic Rules for Forming Comparatives
The basic rule for forming the comparative form of an adjective or adverb is to add “-er” to the end of the word or use “more” before the word. However, the method you use depends on the length and structure of the original word.
One-Syllable Adjectives
For adjectives that are only one syllable long, forming the comparative is generally straightforward. You simply add “-er” to the end of the adjective. Here are some examples:
– **Tall** becomes **taller**
– **Fast** becomes **faster**
– **Short** becomes **shorter**
Note that if the adjective ends in a single vowel followed by a single consonant, you need to double the consonant before adding “-er.” For example:
– **Big** becomes **bigger**
– **Hot** becomes **hotter**
Two-Syllable Adjectives Ending in -y
If an adjective is two syllables long and ends in “-y,” you change the “y” to “i” and add “-er.” Here are a few examples:
– **Happy** becomes **happier**
– **Busy** becomes **busier**
– **Easy** becomes **easier**
Adjectives with Two or More Syllables
For adjectives that have two or more syllables but do not end in “-y,” you form the comparative by placing “more” before the adjective. For example:
– **Beautiful** becomes **more beautiful**
– **Intelligent** becomes **more intelligent**
– **Comfortable** becomes **more comfortable**
Irregular Comparatives
The English language, like many others, has its share of irregular forms that don’t follow the standard rules. Here are some common irregular comparatives:
– **Good** becomes **better**
– **Bad** becomes **worse**
– **Far** becomes **farther** or **further**
It’s important to memorize these irregular forms, as they are commonly used and do not follow any specific pattern.
Comparatives with Adverbs
Just like adjectives, adverbs can also be turned into comparatives to show a higher degree of action or quality. The formation rules are similar to those of adjectives.
One-Syllable Adverbs
For one-syllable adverbs, you typically add “-er” to the end of the word:
– **Fast** becomes **faster**
– **Hard** becomes **harder**
Adverbs with Two or More Syllables
For adverbs that have two or more syllables, you use “more” before the adverb:
– **Carefully** becomes **more carefully**
– **Quickly** becomes **more quickly**
Special Cases and Exceptions
While the general rules cover most adjectives and adverbs, there are always exceptions and special cases that you need to be aware of.
Double Comparatives
One common mistake is the use of double comparatives, where both “more” and the “-er” suffix are used together. This is incorrect. For example:
– Incorrect: **more taller**
– Correct: **taller**
Comparative Adjectives in Compound Forms
When dealing with compound adjectives, the comparative form is usually made by forming the comparative of the main adjective:
– **Well-known** becomes **better-known**
– **High-pitched** becomes **higher-pitched**
Using Comparatives in Sentences
Understanding how to form comparatives is only half the battle; knowing how to use them correctly in sentences is equally important.
Comparing Two Items
When comparing two items, you typically use the structure “[subject] + [comparative adjective/adverb] + than + [object].” Here are some examples:
– “John is **taller** than Mike.”
– “This book is **more interesting** than that one.”
– “She runs **faster** than her brother.”
Expressing Increase or Decrease
Comparatives can also be used to express an increase or decrease in quality or quantity over time. This is often done using phrases like “getting,” “becoming,” or “growing”:
– “The days are **getting longer**.”
– “She is **becoming more confident**.”
– “The weather is **growing colder**.”
Using “Than” with Pronouns
When using comparatives with pronouns, it’s important to choose the correct case. For example:
– “She is taller than **I** (am).”
– “He is smarter than **me**.”
Both are technically correct, but “than I” is more formal, whereas “than me” is more commonly used in everyday speech.
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Even native speakers can make mistakes when forming comparatives. Here are some common pitfalls and how to avoid them.
Overgeneralization
One common mistake is overgeneralizing the rules, such as adding “-er” to all adjectives. Remember, not all adjectives form their comparative this way, especially those with two or more syllables.
Confusing Irregular Forms
Irregular comparatives can be tricky. Make sure to memorize them and practice using them in sentences.
Double Negatives
Avoid using double negatives in comparative sentences, as this can confuse the meaning. For example:
– Incorrect: “She is not more smarter than him.”
– Correct: “She is not smarter than him.”
Practice Exercises
To truly master comparatives, you need to practice. Here are some exercises to help you get started.
Exercise 1: Forming Comparatives
Form the comparative for each of the following adjectives:
1. Small
2. Happy
3. Expensive
4. Bright
5. Friendly
Answers:
1. Smaller
2. Happier
3. More expensive
4. Brighter
5. Friendlier
Exercise 2: Using Comparatives in Sentences
Rewrite the following sentences using the correct comparative form:
1. This cake is sweet than that one.
2. She is more prettier than her sister.
3. This exam is more easy than the last one.
4. He is the more intelligent student in the class.
5. The movie was more long than I expected.
Answers:
1. This cake is **sweeter** than that one.
2. She is **prettier** than her sister.
3. This exam is **easier** than the last one.
4. He is the **most intelligent** student in the class.
5. The movie was **longer** than I expected.
Exercise 3: Correcting Mistakes
Identify and correct the mistakes in the following sentences:
1. She is more faster than her brother.
2. This problem is more easier than the last one.
3. He is the most cleverer student in the class.
4. The weather is getting more hotter.
5. This book is better than that one.
Answers:
1. She is **faster** than her brother.
2. This problem is **easier** than the last one.
3. He is the **cleverest** student in the class.
4. The weather is getting **hotter**.
5. This book is **better** than that one. (Correct)
Conclusion
Forming comparatives in English involves understanding a set of rules and exceptions that apply to adjectives and adverbs. By mastering these rules, you can effectively compare different items, qualities, and actions. Remember to practice regularly and pay attention to common pitfalls to avoid making mistakes. With time and practice, using comparatives will become second nature to you, enhancing your ability to communicate more precisely and effectively in English.
