Learning a new language can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to mastering grammar rules. One of the trickiest aspects for English learners is understanding how to use prepositions with infinitive verbs. While native English speakers may use these structures naturally, non-native speakers often struggle with the correct usage. This comprehensive guide aims to clarify the rules and exceptions associated with prepositions and infinitive verbs to make your language-learning journey a bit easier.
Understanding Infinitive Verbs
Before diving into the nuances of prepositions with infinitive verbs, it’s crucial to understand what infinitive verbs are. An infinitive verb is the base form of a verb, often preceded by the word “to.” For example, “to eat,” “to run,” and “to read” are all infinitive forms of verbs. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence.
In English, infinitive verbs can appear in two forms: the full infinitive (e.g., “to eat”) and the bare infinitive (e.g., “eat”). The full infinitive includes the preposition “to,” while the bare infinitive does not. This distinction is essential when we discuss prepositions with infinitive verbs.
Prepositions and Their Role
Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other parts of the sentence. Common prepositions include “in,” “on,” “at,” “with,” “about,” and “for.” They provide additional information about time, place, direction, cause, and manner.
When it comes to using prepositions with infinitive verbs, English has some specific rules that can be confusing. Unlike some other languages, English does not typically allow prepositions to be directly followed by infinitive verbs. Instead, gerunds (the -ing form of verbs) are commonly used after prepositions. For example:
– Incorrect: She is interested in to learn new languages.
– Correct: She is interested in learning new languages.
However, there are exceptions, and understanding these exceptions is key to mastering this aspect of English grammar.
Common Prepositions and Infinitive Verbs
While the general rule is that prepositions are followed by gerunds, there are specific instances where infinitive verbs are used instead. Below are some common prepositions and their usage with infinitive verbs:
1. “To”
The preposition “to” is unique because it is also part of the full infinitive form. This dual role can be confusing, but it’s essential to differentiate between “to” as a preposition and “to” as part of the infinitive. When “to” functions as a preposition, it should be followed by a gerund:
– Incorrect: I look forward to meet you.
– Correct: I look forward to meeting you.
However, when “to” is part of an infinitive verb, it follows specific verbs, adjectives, or nouns:
– She wants to learn Spanish.
– He is eager to start his new job.
– They have a chance to win the game.
2. “For”
The preposition “for” is often followed by a noun or a pronoun, but it can also precede an infinitive verb to express purpose or intent:
– I went to the store for to buy groceries. (Note: This is archaic and not commonly used in modern English.)
– More commonly: I went to the store to buy groceries.
In contemporary usage, “for” is typically followed by a noun or gerund:
– This tool is useful for fixing things.
– This book is for learning French.
3. “In Order To” and “So As To”
These phrases are used to indicate purpose and are always followed by an infinitive verb:
– She saved money in order to buy a car.
– He studied hard so as to pass the exam.
These constructions are more formal and are often used in written English.
4. “Except” and “But”
These words can function as prepositions and can be followed by infinitive verbs without “to” (bare infinitives):
– I did nothing except sleep all day.
– She had no choice but to accept the offer.
Note that “but” is followed by a full infinitive in this context.
Special Cases and Exceptions
As with many aspects of English grammar, there are special cases and exceptions when it comes to prepositions and infinitive verbs. These exceptions often arise from idiomatic usage and historical language development.
1. Verbs Followed by Prepositions and Infinitives
Some verbs are commonly followed by a preposition and then an infinitive verb. These constructions often express a specific meaning or idiomatic usage:
– He decided on to go to college. (However, this is rarely used; more common: He decided to go to college.)
– They agreed on to meet later. (However, this is rarely used; more common: They agreed to meet later.)
2. Adjectives Followed by Prepositions and Infinitives
Certain adjectives are followed by prepositions that then lead to an infinitive verb. These constructions typically describe a state or condition:
– She is eager for to start the project. (However, this is rarely used; more common: She is eager to start the project.)
– He was anxious about to leave. (However, this is rarely used; more common: He was anxious to leave.)
3. Nouns Followed by Prepositions and Infinitives
In some cases, nouns are followed by prepositions that lead to an infinitive verb. These constructions often indicate purpose or intent:
– The decision about to move was difficult. (However, this is rarely used; more common: The decision to move was difficult.)
– The plan for to expand the business was approved. (However, this is rarely used; more common: The plan to expand the business was approved.)
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Understanding the rules and exceptions is only half the battle. To truly master prepositions with infinitive verbs, it’s essential to be aware of common mistakes and how to avoid them.
1. Using Gerunds Instead of Infinitives
While it’s common to use gerunds after prepositions, there are specific instances where an infinitive is required. Be mindful of these exceptions to avoid mistakes:
– Incorrect: She is eager about starting the project.
– Correct: She is eager to start the project.
2. Misplacing “To” as a Preposition
Remember that “to” can function as both a preposition and part of an infinitive verb. Misplacing “to” can lead to grammatical errors:
– Incorrect: I look forward to meet you.
– Correct: I look forward to meeting you.
3. Confusing “For” with “To” for Purpose
When expressing purpose, “to” is often more appropriate than “for”:
– Incorrect: I went to the store for to buy groceries.
– Correct: I went to the store to buy groceries.
Practical Tips for Mastery
To effectively master the usage of prepositions with infinitive verbs, consider the following practical tips:
1. Practice with Examples
The best way to internalize these rules is through practice. Create sentences using different prepositions and infinitive verbs to get a feel for their correct usage.
2. Read Extensively
Reading books, articles, and other written materials in English can expose you to correct usage in context. Pay attention to how native speakers use prepositions and infinitive verbs.
3. Seek Feedback
If you’re unsure about your usage, seek feedback from native speakers or language instructors. They can provide valuable insights and corrections.
4. Use Language Learning Apps
Many language learning apps offer exercises and quizzes specifically designed to reinforce grammar rules. Utilize these resources to practice prepositions with infinitive verbs.
5. Keep a Grammar Journal
Maintaining a journal where you jot down grammar rules, examples, and personal notes can be a helpful reference tool. Review it regularly to reinforce your learning.
Conclusion
Mastering the use of prepositions with infinitive verbs is a challenging but essential aspect of learning English. By understanding the rules, recognizing exceptions, and practicing diligently, you can improve your grammatical accuracy and fluency. Remember that language learning is a gradual process, and consistent practice will yield results over time. Keep exploring, practicing, and seeking feedback to enhance your language skills. Happy learning!
