Mastering the intricacies of a language often involves understanding its various grammatical moods and tenses. One such complex yet fascinating aspect of English grammar is the use of the **present subjunctive** in subordinate clauses. Although it may not be as commonly discussed as the indicative or imperative moods, the present subjunctive plays a crucial role in expressing wishes, demands, suggestions, and hypothetical situations.
Understanding the Present Subjunctive
The subjunctive mood is a verb form that is used to express non-real situations, such as wishes, doubts, suggestions, or hypothetical scenarios. Unlike the indicative mood, which deals with real, factual information, the subjunctive mood often deals with abstract or non-factual information. The present subjunctive, in particular, is used to talk about actions or states that are demanded, suggested, or imagined rather than actual.
Formation of the Present Subjunctive
In English, the present subjunctive is relatively straightforward to form. For most verbs, it is identical to the base form of the verb. For example:
– **to be**: be
– **to have**: have
– **to go**: go
The third-person singular form does not take the usual “-s” ending:
– It is essential that he **be** on time.
– I insist that she **go** to the meeting.
For the verb “to be,” the present subjunctive form is always “be,” regardless of the subject:
– It is important that I **be** there.
– They requested that he **be** present.
Usage of the Present Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses
The present subjunctive is most often found in subordinate clauses, particularly those that follow certain verbs, adjectives, and nouns. These subordinate clauses usually start with the word “that.”
Verbs that Trigger the Present Subjunctive
Several verbs commonly lead to the use of the present subjunctive in the subordinate clause. These verbs generally express a necessity, suggestion, or demand. Some of the most common verbs include:
– **demand**: They demanded that he **leave** immediately.
– **insist**: She insisted that he **be** there.
– **recommend**: The doctor recommended that he **rest** for a week.
– **suggest**: I suggest that she **study** more for the exam.
– **require**: The job requires that he **have** a degree.
Adjectives that Trigger the Present Subjunctive
Certain adjectives also necessitate the use of the present subjunctive in the subordinate clause. These adjectives often express importance, necessity, or urgency:
– **important**: It is important that she **attend** the meeting.
– **essential**: It is essential that he **be** honest.
– **necessary**: It is necessary that he **complete** the task.
– **urgent**: It is urgent that she **respond** to the email.
Nouns that Trigger the Present Subjunctive
Nouns can also trigger the present subjunctive, particularly those that convey a sense of necessity or recommendation:
– **requirement**: The requirement is that he **finish** the report by Monday.
– **suggestion**: Her suggestion was that he **apply** for the job.
– **demand**: Their demand was that the project **be** finished on time.
Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them
The present subjunctive can be tricky, and even native speakers sometimes make errors. Here are some common pitfalls and tips on how to avoid them:
Confusing the Indicative and Subjunctive Moods
One common mistake is using the indicative mood instead of the subjunctive. For example:
Incorrect: It is crucial that he **is** on time.
Correct: It is crucial that he **be** on time.
Remember, when the sentence expresses a necessity, demand, or suggestion, the verb in the subordinate clause should be in the subjunctive mood.
Incorrect Use of Third-Person Singular “-s”
Another frequent error is adding the third-person singular “-s” to the verb in the subjunctive mood:
Incorrect: The teacher insists that he **studies** more.
Correct: The teacher insists that he **study** more.
Always remember that in the present subjunctive, the verb should remain in its base form, without any conjugation.
Using “Was” Instead of “Be”
For the verb “to be,” some might use “was” inappropriately in the present subjunctive:
Incorrect: It is important that she **was** there.
Correct: It is important that she **be** there.
In the present subjunctive, “be” is always used regardless of the subject.
Examples in Context
To further illustrate the use of the present subjunctive in subordinate clauses, let’s look at some more examples in context:
– The board **proposed** that the company **expand** its operations.
– It is **vital** that every member **participate** in the discussion.
– His **recommendation** was that they **begin** the project as soon as possible.
– The **law** stipulates that every citizen **be** treated equally.
– She **suggested** that he **not drive** in the storm.
Advanced Considerations
While the examples provided above cover the basics of the present subjunctive, there are some advanced considerations and nuances to be aware of.
Negative, Interrogative, and Emphatic Forms
The present subjunctive can also be used in negative, interrogative, and emphatic forms:
– Negative: They demanded that he **not be** late.
– Interrogative: Is it essential that she **be** present?
– Emphatic: It is absolutely crucial that he **be** informed immediately.
In negative forms, “not” is placed before the base form of the verb. In interrogative forms, the sentence structure is changed to ask a question. Emphatic forms often include words like “absolutely” or “really” to stress the importance.
Subjunctive vs. Indicative in Conditional Sentences
In conditional sentences, the subjunctive mood can sometimes be confused with the indicative. Consider the following:
– If he **were** to go, he would see her. (Subjunctive, hypothetical)
– If he **goes**, he will see her. (Indicative, real possibility)
The use of “were” instead of “was” in the first sentence indicates a hypothetical situation, which is a feature of the subjunctive mood. In contrast, the second sentence uses the indicative mood to indicate a real possibility.
Conclusion
The present subjunctive in subordinate clauses may seem daunting at first, but with practice, it becomes easier to master. Understanding when and how to use this grammatical mood can significantly enhance your writing and speaking skills in English. By paying attention to the triggers—certain verbs, adjectives, and nouns—you can ensure that you are using the present subjunctive correctly.
Remember, the present subjunctive is not just a grammatical curiosity; it is a vital part of expressing necessity, suggestions, demands, and hypothetical scenarios. By mastering this aspect of English grammar, you will be able to communicate more precisely and effectively, particularly in formal or academic contexts.
So the next time you find yourself needing to express a suggestion, demand, or hypothetical situation, remember the present subjunctive and let it elevate your language skills to the next level.
