Understanding and mastering subordinating conjunctions is essential for anyone looking to improve their English language skills. Subordinating conjunctions are crucial because they help in creating complex sentences that provide depth and clarity to your thoughts. In this article, we will delve into what subordinating conjunctions are, how they function, and how you can effectively use them in your writing and speaking.
What Are Subordinating Conjunctions?
Subordinating conjunctions are words that connect an independent clause with a dependent clause. An independent clause is a group of words that can stand alone as a sentence, whereas a dependent clause cannot stand alone and relies on the independent clause to give it meaning. Some common subordinating conjunctions include *because*, *although*, *since*, *unless*, *if*, *while*, and *when*.
Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences
1. *Because* she was tired, she went to bed early.
2. *Although* it was raining, they went for a walk.
3. *Since* you are here, let’s start the meeting.
4. *Unless* you study hard, you will not pass the exam.
5. *If* you need help, just ask.
In each of these sentences, the subordinating conjunction connects the dependent clause to the independent clause, providing additional information and context.
Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions can be categorized based on the type of relationship they express between the clauses. Here are some common categories:
1. Cause and Effect
These subordinating conjunctions show a cause-and-effect relationship between the clauses. Examples include *because*, *since*, *as*, *so that*, and *in order that*.
– *Because* it was late, we decided to call it a day.
– *Since* you have finished your homework, you can watch TV.
– He whispered *so that* he wouldn’t wake the baby.
2. Contrast
These conjunctions show a contrast or opposition between the clauses. Examples include *although*, *though*, *even though*, *whereas*, and *while*.
– *Although* she was busy, she took the time to help me.
– *Even though* it was snowing, the match continued.
– *Whereas* I prefer tea, my brother likes coffee.
3. Time
These conjunctions indicate the timing of the action in the dependent clause relative to the action in the independent clause. Examples include *when*, *while*, *as soon as*, *before*, *after*, and *until*.
– We can leave *when* the rain stops.
– *While* you were sleeping, I finished the project.
– I will call you *as soon as* I arrive.
4. Condition
These conjunctions express a condition that must be met for the action in the independent clause to occur. Examples include *if*, *unless*, *provided that*, and *as long as*.
– *If* it rains, we will cancel the picnic.
– You can go out *provided that* you finish your homework.
– We will succeed *as long as* we work together.
Position of Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions can appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. When the subordinating conjunction starts the sentence, it is usually followed by a comma. When it appears in the middle, no comma is needed.
– *When* the sun sets, we will light the campfire.
– We will light the campfire *when* the sun sets.
In both sentences, the meaning remains the same, but the position of the subordinating conjunction changes.
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Using subordinating conjunctions can sometimes be tricky, and there are common mistakes that learners make. Here are some tips to avoid these pitfalls:
1. Fragmented Sentences
A common mistake is creating a sentence fragment by using a dependent clause on its own. Remember, a dependent clause cannot stand alone and must be connected to an independent clause.
Incorrect: *Because* it was raining.
Correct: *Because* it was raining, we stayed indoors.
2. Misplaced Commas
Another mistake is misplacing commas. When the subordinating conjunction starts the sentence, use a comma after the dependent clause. When it appears in the middle, no comma is needed.
Incorrect: We stayed indoors, *because* it was raining.
Correct: We stayed indoors *because* it was raining.
3. Incorrect Subordinating Conjunction
Using the wrong subordinating conjunction can change the meaning of the sentence. Ensure you choose the correct conjunction to convey the intended relationship between the clauses.
Incorrect: *Although* it was raining, we stayed indoors. (This implies contrast, which is incorrect in this context.)
Correct: *Because* it was raining, we stayed indoors.
Advanced Usage of Subordinating Conjunctions
Once you are comfortable with basic subordinating conjunctions, you can explore more advanced usage to enhance your writing and speaking.
1. Correlative Subordinating Conjunctions
These are pairs of conjunctions that work together to relate two clauses. Examples include *not only… but also*, *whether… or*, and *both… and*.
– *Not only* did he apologize, *but also* he offered to help.
– She must decide *whether* to stay *or* to leave.
2. Combining Multiple Subordinating Conjunctions
You can combine multiple subordinating conjunctions to create more complex sentences. However, be cautious not to overcomplicate your sentence.
– *Although* it was raining *and* we were tired, we decided to go for a walk *because* we needed some fresh air.
Practice Exercises
To master subordinating conjunctions, practice is key. Here are some exercises to help you:
Exercise 1: Identify the Subordinating Conjunction
Identify the subordinating conjunction in each sentence.
1. We will wait here *until* you return.
2. *Since* he was late, he missed the bus.
3. She sings beautifully, *although* she never took lessons.
Exercise 2: Complete the Sentence
Complete each sentence with an appropriate subordinating conjunction.
1. __________ it was raining, we went for a walk. (although, because)
2. We will start the meeting __________ everyone arrives. (when, if)
3. __________ you finish your homework, you can play outside. (while, once)
Exercise 3: Create Complex Sentences
Combine the following pairs of sentences using an appropriate subordinating conjunction.
1. I was tired. I went to bed early.
2. He studied hard. He passed the exam.
3. She is friendly. She can be shy at times.
Conclusion
Subordinating conjunctions are an essential part of the English language, enabling you to create complex and meaningful sentences. By understanding their function and practicing their use, you can greatly enhance your writing and speaking skills. Remember to be mindful of common mistakes and explore advanced usage to further improve your command of subordinating conjunctions. Happy learning!
