Subordinating conjunctions are an essential component of complex sentences in the English language. They serve to link dependent clauses to independent clauses, thereby adding depth, detail, and nuance to our speech and writing. For anyone learning English, mastering subordinating conjunctions is crucial for achieving fluency and sophistication in language use. This article will provide a comprehensive exploration of subordinating conjunctions, their functions, and how to use them effectively.
What are Subordinating Conjunctions?
Subordinating conjunctions are words that connect a dependent clause (also known as a subordinate clause) to an independent clause. Unlike coordinating conjunctions, which join two clauses of equal importance, subordinating conjunctions link a dependent clause that cannot stand alone to an independent clause that can stand alone. Some common subordinating conjunctions include because, although, since, unless, while, if, and though.
For example:
– “I stayed home because it was raining.”
– “She didn’t go to the party although she was invited.”
In these sentences, the clauses beginning with “because” and “although” are dependent clauses; they provide additional information but cannot stand alone as complete sentences.
Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions can be categorized based on the type of relationship they establish between the dependent and independent clauses. Understanding these categories helps in choosing the correct conjunction for your sentences.
1. Cause and Effect
These conjunctions indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between the clauses. Common examples include because, since, as, and so that.
– “She went to bed early because she was tired.”
– “I will call you since I get home.”
2. Contrast
These conjunctions show a contrast or contradiction between the clauses. Examples include although, though, even though, whereas, and while.
– “He continued to work although he was exhausted.”
– “She loves to read while he prefers watching movies.”
3. Condition
These conjunctions set up a condition for the action in the main clause. Common examples are if, unless, provided that, and as long as.
– “You can go to the party if you finish your homework.”
– “We will succeed provided that we work together.”
4. Time
These conjunctions indicate a time relationship between the clauses. Examples include when, while, before, after, until, and as soon as.
– “She will call you when she arrives.”
– “We waited until the rain stopped.”
5. Purpose
These conjunctions express the purpose of the action in the main clause. Common examples are so that and in order that.
– “He studies hard so that he can get good grades.”
– “She saved money in order that she could buy a car.”
Using Subordinating Conjunctions Correctly
Using subordinating conjunctions correctly involves understanding the structure of complex sentences and the role of punctuation. Here are some guidelines to help you use subordinating conjunctions effectively.
1. Placement of Clauses
A dependent clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction can appear either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. When the dependent clause comes first, it is usually followed by a comma.
– “Although it was raining, we went for a walk.”
– “We went for a walk although it was raining.”
When the dependent clause comes after the independent clause, a comma is typically not needed.
– “I will call you when I get home.”
– “When I get home, I will call you.”
2. Choosing the Right Conjunction
Selecting the appropriate subordinating conjunction is crucial for conveying the intended meaning. Consider the relationship you want to express between the clauses and choose the conjunction accordingly.
– Cause and Effect: “I stayed home because I was sick.”
– Contrast: “He went for a run although it was raining.”
– Condition: “You can borrow my book if you return it on time.”
– Time: “She called me after she arrived.”
– Purpose: “He took a taxi so that he wouldn’t be late.”
3. Avoiding Common Mistakes
Language learners often make mistakes when using subordinating conjunctions. Here are some common pitfalls to watch out for:
– **Comma Splices**: Do not use a comma to separate independent clauses without a conjunction. Incorrect: “I was tired, I went to bed early.” Correct: “I was tired, so I went to bed early.”
– **Fragment Sentences**: Ensure that the dependent clause is connected to an independent clause. Incorrect: “Because it was raining.” Correct: “I stayed home because it was raining.”
– **Misplaced Conjunctions**: Place the subordinating conjunction at the beginning of the dependent clause. Incorrect: “She went to bed early because, she was tired.” Correct: “She went to bed early because she was tired.”
Advanced Usage of Subordinating Conjunctions
For advanced learners, understanding the subtle nuances and variations in meaning that different subordinating conjunctions can convey is essential. Here are some advanced considerations:
1. Multiple Subordinating Conjunctions
In some sentences, you may need to use more than one subordinating conjunction to convey complex relationships between ideas.
– “I stayed home because it was raining although I wanted to go out.”
– “She will call you when she arrives if her phone is charged.”
2. Reduced Clauses
In certain contexts, you can reduce the dependent clause for brevity and clarity. This often involves omitting the subordinating conjunction and subject.
– “While he was reading, he fell asleep.” becomes “While reading, he fell asleep.”
– “After she finished her homework, she went out.” becomes “After finishing her homework, she went out.”
3. Subordinating Conjunctions in Formal Writing
In formal writing, subordinating conjunctions can help create complex, nuanced sentences that convey detailed information. However, be mindful of sentence length and complexity to ensure clarity.
– “The committee decided to postpone the meeting, although many members had already arrived, because the key presenter was delayed due to unforeseen circumstances.”
Practice and Application
To master subordinating conjunctions, practice is key. Here are some exercises to help you practice using subordinating conjunctions effectively:
1. Sentence Completion
Complete the following sentences using the appropriate subordinating conjunctions:
– “She didn’t go to the party __________ she was feeling unwell.”
– “We will start the meeting __________ everyone arrives.”
– “He kept working __________ he was tired.”
– “You can borrow my car __________ you promise to return it on time.”
– “They moved to the city __________ they could find better job opportunities.”
2. Sentence Combination
Combine the following pairs of sentences using subordinating conjunctions:
– “It was raining. We went for a walk.”
– “She studied hard. She passed the exam.”
– “He was late. He missed the bus.”
– “I will call you. I get home.”
– “They saved money. They could go on vacation.”
3. Error Correction
Identify and correct the errors in the following sentences:
– “She went to bed early because, she was tired.”
– “I stayed home. Because it was raining.”
– “He went for a run although it was raining, he didn’t have an umbrella.”
– “You can go to the party if, you finish your homework.”
– “When I get home. I will call you.”
Conclusion
Subordinating conjunctions are a fundamental aspect of English grammar that enable the construction of complex and meaningful sentences. By understanding the different types of subordinating conjunctions and their functions, you can enhance your writing and speaking skills. Practice using subordinating conjunctions in various contexts to gain confidence and fluency. Remember that mastering subordinating conjunctions is a step towards achieving greater sophistication and precision in your use of the English language. Happy learning!
