In the intricate world of English grammar, understanding the use of subordinating conjunctions in dependent clauses is crucial for constructing clear and nuanced sentences. Subordinating conjunctions serve as bridges that connect dependent clauses to independent clauses, adding depth and detail to our communication. This article will explore the various subordinating conjunctions, their roles, and how they function within dependent clauses.
What are Subordinating Conjunctions?
Subordinating conjunctions are words or phrases that connect a dependent clause to an independent clause. Unlike coordinating conjunctions (such as “and,” “but,” and “or”), which join elements of equal grammatical importance, subordinating conjunctions link a dependent clause (which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence) to an independent clause (which can stand alone).
Some common subordinating conjunctions include:
– because
– although
– since
– unless
– if
– when
– while
– after
– before
– even though
These conjunctions help specify the relationship between the two clauses, such as time, cause, condition, contrast, and place.
The Role of Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause, also known as a subordinate clause, relies on the main clause to provide a complete thought. Although it contains a subject and a verb, a dependent clause cannot stand alone. For instance:
– “Because she was tired” is a dependent clause. It leaves the reader asking, “What happened because she was tired?”
When we attach this dependent clause to an independent clause, it forms a complete sentence:
– “She went to bed early because she was tired.”
Here, “She went to bed early” is the independent clause that completes the thought.
Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions can be categorized based on the relationships they indicate. Let’s delve into the most common types:
1. Cause and Effect
These conjunctions show the cause or reason for something and its effect. Examples include “because,” “since,” and “as.”
– “She stayed home because it was raining.”
– “Since you have finished your homework, you can watch TV.”
– “He was late as he missed the bus.”
In these examples, the subordinating conjunctions explain why the action in the independent clause occurred.
2. Contrast
Contrast conjunctions highlight differences or unexpected outcomes. Examples include “although,” “though,” “even though,” and “whereas.”
– “Although it was cold, they went for a swim.”
– “Even though he was tired, he finished the marathon.”
– “She enjoys classical music, whereas her brother prefers rock.”
These conjunctions emphasize the contrast between the clauses.
3. Condition
Condition conjunctions describe circumstances or conditions under which something happens. Examples include “if,” “unless,” “provided that,” and “as long as.”
– “We will go hiking if the weather is good.”
– “You won’t succeed unless you try.”
– “Provided that you pay in advance, we can reserve the tickets for you.”
These conjunctions set conditions for the actions in the independent clause.
4. Time
Time conjunctions indicate when something happens. Examples include “when,” “while,” “after,” “before,” “until,” and “as soon as.”
– “Call me when you arrive.”
– “She read a book while waiting for the bus.”
– “We will start the meeting after everyone arrives.”
These conjunctions specify the timing of the actions.
5. Place
Place conjunctions indicate where something happens. Examples include “where” and “wherever.”
– “She goes where the wind takes her.”
– “Wherever you go, I will follow.”
These conjunctions clarify the location of the actions.
Constructing Sentences with Subordinating Conjunctions
Understanding the placement of subordinating conjunctions within sentences is essential for clarity. A dependent clause can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.
1. Beginning of a Sentence
When a dependent clause starts the sentence, it is usually followed by a comma.
– “Although it was raining, they went for a walk.”
– “Because she studied hard, she passed the exam.”
The comma after the dependent clause helps to separate it from the main clause, making the sentence easier to read.
2. Middle of a Sentence
When the dependent clause appears in the middle of a sentence, it is typically set off by commas only if it adds non-essential information.
– “The car, which was red, sped past us.”
– “She decided to stay, even though she was tired.”
In these examples, the dependent clauses provide additional information but are not crucial to the main point of the sentence.
3. End of a Sentence
When the dependent clause comes at the end of a sentence, no comma is necessary.
– “They went for a walk although it was raining.”
– “She passed the exam because she studied hard.”
Here, the dependent clause follows the main clause directly.
Common Mistakes with Subordinating Conjunctions
Even seasoned writers can make errors with subordinating conjunctions. Here are some common pitfalls and how to avoid them:
1. Fragmented Sentences
A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Ensure that it is attached to an independent clause.
– Incorrect: “Because she was tired.”
– Correct: “She went to bed early because she was tired.”
2. Misplaced Commas
Commas are crucial for clarity but can be misused with dependent clauses.
– Incorrect: “Although, it was raining they went for a walk.”
– Correct: “Although it was raining, they went for a walk.”
3. Confusing Subordinating Conjunctions
Some conjunctions can be easily confused. For instance, “since” can indicate both time and cause. Ensure that the intended meaning is clear from the context.
– Time: “We have been friends since childhood.”
– Cause: “Since it was raining, we stayed indoors.”
Advanced Uses of Subordinating Conjunctions
For advanced learners, exploring nuanced uses of subordinating conjunctions can add sophistication to writing.
1. Multiple Subordinating Conjunctions
Complex sentences can contain multiple subordinating conjunctions to express intricate relationships.
– “She stayed home because it was raining, although she wanted to go out.”
2. Elliptical Clauses
Sometimes, part of the dependent clause is omitted when it can be inferred from the context.
– “She likes the same ice cream as he does.” (The verb “does” is inferred from the previous clause.)
– “I will go if you will.” (The verb “go” is inferred.)
3. Subjunctive Mood
Subordinating conjunctions can be used with the subjunctive mood to express wishes, demands, or suggestions.
– “I suggest that he study harder.”
– “It is important that she be on time.”
In these examples, the verbs “study” and “be” are in the subjunctive mood, influenced by the subordinating conjunctions.
Practice and Application
To master the use of subordinating conjunctions in dependent clauses, practice is key. Here are some exercises to help reinforce your understanding:
1. Combine Sentences
Combine the following pairs of sentences using appropriate subordinating conjunctions:
– “She was late. She missed the bus.”
– “He studied hard. He passed the exam.”
– “I will go. You come with me.”
2. Identify Subordinating Conjunctions
In the following sentences, identify the subordinating conjunctions and the dependent clauses:
– “Although it was cold, they went for a swim.”
– “She stayed home because it was raining.”
– “When you arrive, call me.”
3. Rewrite Sentences
Rewrite the following sentences to include subordinating conjunctions:
– “It was raining. They went for a walk.”
– “She studied hard. She passed the exam.”
– “He was tired. He finished the marathon.”
Conclusion
The use of subordinating conjunctions in dependent clauses is a fundamental aspect of English grammar that enhances the complexity and richness of our sentences. By understanding the various types of subordinating conjunctions and their roles, you can create more detailed and nuanced expressions. Remember to practice regularly, and soon you will find that using subordinating conjunctions becomes second nature.
In summary, subordinating conjunctions are the glue that holds our complex sentences together. Whether indicating cause and effect, contrast, condition, time, or place, these conjunctions allow us to convey intricate relationships between ideas. By mastering their use, you will significantly improve your writing and communication skills in English.
