In the English language, prepositions play a crucial role in connecting words and phrases to convey clear meanings. One such preposition that often appears in both written and spoken English is “per.” Understanding the usage of “per” and its variations can significantly enhance your grasp of English grammar and improve your communication skills. This article delves deep into the various uses of “per,” providing examples and explanations to help you master this versatile preposition.
The Basics of “Per”
“Per” is a preposition used to mean “for each” or “according to.” Its primary function is to indicate a ratio or rate, such as in expressions of speed, price, or frequency. For example:
– The car travels at 60 miles per hour.
– The apples are sold at $1 per pound.
– She visits the gym three times per week.
In these examples, “per” establishes a relationship between two quantities, indicating how one quantity is distributed concerning another.
Using “Per” in Different Contexts
1. **Rates and Ratios**: One of the most common uses of “per” is to express rates and ratios. This can include speeds, prices, and other measures of frequency or quantity.
– The speed limit on this road is 50 kilometers per hour.
– The hotel charges $100 per night.
– The recipe requires one cup of sugar per batch.
2. **Instructions and Guidelines**: “Per” is also used to indicate that something is being done according to specific instructions or guidelines.
– Per your request, I have attached the documents.
– The meeting will proceed per the agenda.
– Per company policy, all employees must wear ID badges.
3. **Dividing Quantities**: When quantities are divided among a group or allocated to individuals, “per” can be employed to express this division.
– The total cost is $200, which means $50 per person.
– The teacher gave five books per student.
– Each participant will receive two tickets per entry.
4. **Frequency**: “Per” can denote how often something occurs within a specific time frame.
– The medication should be taken twice per day.
– The newsletter is published once per month.
– They go on vacation once per year.
Variations of “Per”
While “per” is a straightforward preposition, it has variations and related forms that can be used in different contexts. These variations include “per capita,” “per annum,” “per se,” and more. Understanding these variations will expand your ability to use “per” accurately and effectively.
Per Capita
“Per capita” is a Latin term that translates to “per head” in English. It is commonly used in statistics and economics to represent an average per person within a population. For instance:
– The country’s GDP per capita has increased over the past decade.
– The average income per capita in the city is $30,000.
– Water consumption per capita has decreased due to conservation efforts.
In these examples, “per capita” provides a measure that allows for comparison between different populations or groups.
Per Annum
“Per annum” is another Latin term that means “per year.” It is frequently used in financial contexts to indicate annual rates or amounts.
– The interest rate on the loan is 5% per annum.
– The company reports earnings growth of 10% per annum.
– The subscription costs $120 per annum.
Using “per annum” helps specify that a given rate or figure applies on a yearly basis.
Per Se
“Per se” is a Latin phrase meaning “by itself” or “intrinsically.” It is used to indicate that something is being considered in its own right, separate from other factors.
– The statement wasn’t offensive per se, but its context made it problematic.
– The law isn’t flawed per se, but its implementation has been inconsistent.
– His talent per se isn’t in question, but his work ethic is.
In these examples, “per se” isolates a particular aspect or element for emphasis or clarification.
Per Diem
“Per diem” translates to “per day” in Latin. It is often used in professional and business contexts to refer to daily allowances or expenses.
– Employees receive a $50 per diem for meals when traveling.
– The consultant charges a $200 per diem fee.
– The per diem rate covers accommodation and transportation costs.
Using “per diem” specifies that a certain amount is allocated or incurred daily.
Per Week, Per Month, Per Hour, etc.
These variations follow the same structure as “per annum” but apply to different time frames. They are used to indicate how often something occurs or how a rate is measured within a specific period.
– The magazine is published once per week.
– The rental cost is $1,200 per month.
– The tutor charges $30 per hour.
These expressions help define the frequency or periodicity of events, costs, or actions.
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
While “per” and its variations are relatively straightforward, some common mistakes can arise. Being aware of these can help you use “per” correctly.
1. **Overusing “Per”**: Sometimes, learners may overuse “per” when it is unnecessary. For example, saying “twice per week” instead of simply “twice a week” can sound redundant in casual conversation.
– Incorrect: She visits the gym twice per week.
– Correct: She visits the gym twice a week.
2. **Misinterpreting “Per Se”**: “Per se” is often misused or misunderstood. Ensure you use it to mean “by itself” and not as a synonym for “therefore” or “necessarily.”
– Incorrect: The project failed, per se, we need a new plan.
– Correct: The project wasn’t flawed per se, but it lacked support.
3. **Inconsistent Usage**: Mixing up variations of “per” can lead to confusion. Make sure you use the correct term for the context, such as “per diem” for daily rates and “per annum” for yearly rates.
– Incorrect: The salary is $60,000 per diem.
– Correct: The salary is $60,000 per annum.
Practice Exercises
To solidify your understanding of “per” and its variations, here are some practice exercises. Try to fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of “per”:
1. The car rental costs $40 _______ day.
2. The company’s revenue grew by 5% _______ annum.
3. The new policy affects the average income _______ capita.
4. The consultant’s fee is $150 _______ diem.
5. The medication should be taken twice _______ day.
Answers:
1. per
2. per
3. per
4. per
5. per
Conclusion
Mastering the use of “per” and its variations can significantly enhance your English language skills. Whether you’re talking about rates, following guidelines, or describing frequencies, “per” is a versatile preposition that adds clarity and precision to your communication. Remember to practice regularly and pay attention to context to avoid common mistakes. With time and effort, you’ll find that using “per” becomes second nature, allowing you to express yourself more accurately and effectively in English.
