In English, ensuring that verbs agree with their subjects is fundamental to constructing grammatically correct sentences. This aspect of grammar, known as subject-verb agreement, is essential for clear and effective communication. While it may seem straightforward, there are numerous rules and exceptions that can sometimes make subject-verb agreement challenging. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of verb agreement with subjects, discussing the basic rules, common pitfalls, and some advanced considerations.
Basic Rules of Subject-Verb Agreement
At its core, subject-verb agreement means that the verb must match the subject in number and person. Here are the foundational rules:
1. **Singular Subjects** take **singular verbs**.
– Example: The cat **runs** across the yard.
2. **Plural Subjects** take **plural verbs**.
– Example: The cats **run** across the yard.
3. When the subject is a **compound subject** joined by “and,” it typically takes a plural verb.
– Example: The dog and the cat **are** friends.
4. When two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing and are joined by “and,” they take a singular verb.
– Example: My friend and colleague **was** at the meeting.
Special Cases
While the basic rules cover many situations, there are some special cases that learners need to be aware of.
1. **Indefinite Pronouns**:
– Some indefinite pronouns are always singular, such as **everyone**, **someone**, **each**, **either**, **neither**.
– Example: Everyone **is** invited to the party.
– Some indefinite pronouns are always plural, such as **few**, **many**, **several**.
– Example: Many **were** absent from the meeting.
– Some indefinite pronouns can be singular or plural depending on the context, such as **all**, **any**, **none**, **some**.
– Example: All of the cake **is** gone. / All of the cakes **are** gone.
2. **Collective Nouns**:
– Collective nouns such as **team**, **family**, **group**, **audience** can take either a singular or plural verb depending on whether the group is being considered as a single entity or as individual members.
– Example: The team **is** winning (considered as a single unit).
– Example: The team **are** arguing among themselves (considered as individuals).
3. **Subjects Separated from Verbs**:
– Sometimes, the subject is separated from the verb by words such as along with, as well as, besides, not, etc. These words and phrases do not change the number of the subject.
– Example: The mayor, along with his councilors, **is** attending the meeting.
4. **Compound Subjects Joined by “or” or “nor”**:
– When subjects are joined by “or” or “nor,” the verb should agree with the part of the subject closest to the verb.
– Example: Neither the teacher nor the students **are** ready.
– Example: Either the students or the teacher **is** responsible.
Common Pitfalls
Subject-verb agreement can be tricky due to several common pitfalls. Recognizing these can help you avoid mistakes in your writing and speech.
1. **Prepositional Phrases**:
– Sometimes, prepositional phrases can come between the subject and the verb, causing confusion. Remember that the verb should agree with the subject, not with the object of the prepositional phrase.
– Example: The bouquet of roses **smells** lovely (not “smell”).
2. **Relative Clauses**:
– When a relative clause follows a subject, it can be easy to lose track of the main subject. Ensure that the verb agrees with the main subject, not with the noun in the relative clause.
– Example: The book that she lent me **is** fascinating.
3. **Inverted Sentences**:
– In questions or sentences starting with “here” or “there,” the subject comes after the verb, but the agreement rules still apply.
– Example: Where **are** the keys?
– Example: There **is** a problem with the solution.
Advanced Considerations
For those looking to master subject-verb agreement, understanding some more advanced considerations can be particularly beneficial.
1. **Titles, Company Names, and Other Singular Forms**:
– Titles of books, movies, companies, and other singular forms usually take a singular verb, even if they seem plural.
– Example: “The Chronicles of Narnia” **is** a great series.
– Example: Nike **is** releasing a new line of shoes.
2. **Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects**:
– When gerunds or infinitives are used as subjects, they take a singular verb.
– Example: Swimming **is** a good exercise.
– Example: To read **is** to learn.
3. **Subjects with Quantifiers**:
– Subjects that include quantifiers like “a lot of,” “most of,” “some of,” etc., require careful consideration. The verb should agree with the noun following the quantifier.
– Example: A lot of the cake **is** gone.
– Example: A lot of the cakes **are** gone.
4. **Fractions and Percentages**:
– When a fraction or percentage refers to a singular noun, it takes a singular verb. When it refers to a plural noun, it takes a plural verb.
– Example: Fifty percent of the pie **has** been eaten.
– Example: Fifty percent of the pies **have** been eaten.
5. **Expressions of Time, Money, Distance, and Measurement**:
– These expressions often take a singular verb when they are considered a single unit.
– Example: Ten dollars **is** too much.
– Example: Five miles **is** a long walk.
Practice and Application
Understanding the rules of subject-verb agreement is one thing, but applying them correctly in both writing and speech is another. Here are some tips for practicing and applying subject-verb agreement:
1. **Read Regularly**:
– Reading books, articles, and other well-written materials can help you internalize correct subject-verb agreement.
2. **Write and Revise**:
– Write essays, stories, or even journal entries, and then revise them with a focus on subject-verb agreement.
3. **Practice Exercises**:
– Use grammar exercises and quizzes focused on subject-verb agreement to test your knowledge and improve your skills.
4. **Seek Feedback**:
– Share your writing with teachers, tutors, or peers and ask for feedback on your use of subject-verb agreement.
5. **Listen and Imitate**:
– Listen to native speakers through podcasts, videos, or conversations, and pay attention to how they use subject-verb agreement. Try to imitate their usage in your own speech.
Conclusion
Mastering subject-verb agreement is essential for anyone learning English. It ensures that your communication is clear, precise, and grammatically correct. By understanding the basic rules, recognizing common pitfalls, and considering advanced aspects, you can develop a strong grasp of subject-verb agreement. Remember, practice and consistency are key. The more you read, write, and engage with the language, the more intuitive these rules will become. Happy learning!
