关系代词是英语语法中非常重要的一部分,对于学习英语的人来说,掌握关系代词的用法是非常必要的。关系代词在句子中起到连接作用,连接主句和从句,从而使句子结构更加完整和复杂。本文将详细介绍关系代词的定义、种类、用法及其在句子中的作用。
关系代词的定义
关系代词(Relative Pronouns)是用来引导定语从句的代词。它们不仅在从句中充当代词的角色,还起到了连接主句和从句的作用。常见的关系代词有:who、whom、whose、which和that。
关系代词的种类
根据不同的先行词(即关系代词所指代的名词或代词),关系代词可以分为以下几类:
1. 指人
– **who**:用作主语。例如:
– The girl who is singing is my sister.(正在唱歌的女孩是我的妹妹。)
– **whom**:用作宾语。例如:
– The man whom you met yesterday is my uncle.(你昨天见到的那个人是我的叔叔。)
– **whose**:表示所属关系。例如:
– The boy whose father is a doctor is my classmate.(父亲是医生的那个男孩是我的同学。)
2. 指物
– **which**:可以用作主语或宾语。例如:
– The book which is on the table is mine.(桌子上的那本书是我的。)
– The car which he bought is very expensive.(他买的那辆车非常贵。)
3. 指人或物
– **that**:可以用作主语或宾语,指人或物。例如:
– The house that Jack built is very large.(杰克建的那所房子很大。)
– The girl that I saw yesterday is very beautiful.(我昨天见到的那个女孩非常漂亮。)
关系代词的用法
关系代词在句子中的用法主要有以下几种:
1. 用作主语
当关系代词引导的从句中没有主语时,关系代词就充当从句的主语。例如:
– The man who is standing over there is my teacher.(站在那边的那个人是我的老师。)
– The book which is on the table is very interesting.(桌子上的那本书非常有趣。)
2. 用作宾语
当关系代词引导的从句中已有主语时,关系代词就充当从句的宾语。例如:
– The person whom you are looking for is not here.(你找的那个人不在这里。)
– The movie which we watched last night was fantastic.(我们昨晚看的那部电影非常棒。)
3. 用作定语
关系代词还可以表示所属关系,充当定语。例如:
– The girl whose hair is long is my cousin.(头发长的那个女孩是我的表妹。)
– The house whose roof is red is very old.(屋顶是红色的那所房子非常旧。)
4. 用作介词宾语
当关系代词前有介词时,关系代词就充当介词的宾语。例如:
– The man to whom you were talking is my boss.(你刚才和他说话的那个人是我的老板。)
– The book about which we are discussing is very famous.(我们正在讨论的那本书非常有名。)
关系代词的省略
在某些情况下,关系代词可以省略。主要有以下几种情况:
1. 关系代词作宾语时可以省略
当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。例如:
– The book (which) I borrowed from the library is very interesting.(我从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣。)
– The person (whom) you met yesterday is my friend.(你昨天见到的那个人是我的朋友。)
2. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不能省略
非限制性定语从句中的关系代词通常不能省略。例如:
– My brother, who is a doctor, works in this hospital.(我的哥哥是医生,他在这家医院工作。)
– The book, which I bought last week, is very interesting.(那本我上周买的书非常有趣。)
关系代词与关系副词的区别
关系代词和关系副词虽然都用于引导定语从句,但它们有一些明显的区别:
1. 关系代词
关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语或定语。例如:
– The man who is standing there is my father.(站在那里的那个人是我的父亲。)
– The book which you gave me is very good.(你给我的那本书非常好。)
2. 关系副词
关系副词通常表示时间、地点或原因,在从句中作状语。例如:
– This is the house where I was born.(这是我出生的房子。)
– I remember the day when we first met.(我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。)
关系代词的使用注意事项
在使用关系代词时,有一些需要注意的地方:
1. 避免重复
在使用关系代词时,要避免重复。例如:
– 错误:The man who he is standing there is my father.
– 正确:The man who is standing there is my father.
2. 注意关系代词的选择
根据先行词的不同,选择合适的关系代词。例如:
– 指人用who或whom:The person whom you are looking for is not here.
– 指物用which:The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
– 指人或物都可以用that:The movie that we watched last night was fantastic.
3. 介词+关系代词的使用
当关系代词前有介词时,通常用whom或which,而不用who或that。例如:
– The person to whom you were talking is my boss.
– The book about which we are discussing is very famous.
关系代词的常见错误及纠正
在使用关系代词时,常常会犯一些错误。以下列举了一些常见错误及其纠正方法:
1. 关系代词使用不当
– 错误:The man which is standing there is my father.
– 纠正:The man who is standing there is my father.
2. 关系代词与介词的搭配错误
– 错误:The person to who you were talking is my boss.
– 纠正:The person to whom you were talking is my boss.
3. 关系代词与先行词不一致
– 错误:The book who you gave me is very good.
– 纠正:The book which you gave me is very good.
关系代词的练习题
为了更好地掌握关系代词的用法,建议进行以下练习:
1. 填空:The girl ______ is talking to the teacher is my sister.
2. 填空:The movie ______ we watched last night was fantastic.
3. 填空:The house ______ roof is red is very old.
4. 填空:The person ______ you met yesterday is my friend.
5. 填空:This is the place ______ I was born.
答案
1. who
2. that/which
3. whose
4. whom/that
5. where
通过以上练习,相信大家对关系代词的用法有了更深入的了解。关系代词虽然看似复杂,但只要掌握其基本用法和规律,多加练习,就一定能够熟练运用。在日常英语写作和口语交流中,正确使用关系代词能够使句子更加连贯和有逻辑,从而提升语言表达的准确性和流畅性。希望本文对大家学习关系代词有所帮助。